OverviewCholine is similar to the B vitaminsand is made in the liver. Choline is not strictly defined as avitamin, but it is an essential nutrient. Choline is used for liverdisease, including chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. It is also usedfor depression, memory loss, Alzheimer's disease and dementia,Huntington's chorea, Tourette's disease, a brain disorder calledcerebellar ataxia, certain types of seizures, and a mental conditioncalled schizophrenia.
Choline is synthesized by the human bodyin small amounts, but still must be consumed to have an adequatesupply. Athletes use it for bodybuilding and delaying fatigue inendurance sports. Choline is taken by pregnant women to preventneural tube defects in their babies and it is used as a supplement ininfant formulas. Other uses include preventing cancer, loweringcholesterol, and controlling asthma.
Deficiency Signs and SymptomsThe most common signs of cholinedeficiencies are fatty liver and hemorrhagic kidney necrosis. Dietaryintake of a choline full diet can reduce the severity of thedeficiency. Choline deficiency may play a role in liver disease,atherosclerosis, and possibly neurological disorders. One symptom ofcholine deficiency is an elevated level of the liver enzyme ALT.
TestsThere are a few tests, but none that Ican find that your doctor may use. The doctor may know which testsare available to use. One that is mentioned is the platinochloridetest for choline in human blood; however, this is not listed whenlooking for choline tests that I researched.
RecommendedDaily Allowance
| Adequate Intake (AI) for Choline | |||
| Life stage | Age | Males (mg/day) | Females (mg/day) |
| Infants | 0-6 months | 125 | 125 |
| Infants | 7-12 months | 150 | 150 |
| Children | 1-3 years | 200 | 200 |
| Children | 4-8 years | 250 | 250 |
| Children | 9-13 years | 375 | 375 |
| Adolescents | 14-18 years | 550 | 400 |
| Adults | 19 years and older | 550 | 425 |
| Pregnancy | All ages | - | 450 |
| Breast-feeding | All ages | - | 550 |
| Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for Choline | |
| Age group | UL (g/day) |
| Infants 0-12 months | Not possible to establish* |
| Children 1-8 years | 1.0 |
| Children 9-13 years | 2.0 |
| Adolescents 14-18 years | 3.0 |
| Adults 19 years and older | 3.5 |
Notice that the top chart is inmilligrams and the bottom chart is in grams.
FunctionCholine is similar to a B vitamin. Itis used in many chemical reactions in the body. Choline seems to bean important element in the nervous system. In asthma, choline mighthelp decrease swelling and inflammation.
FoodSourcesIt is in foods such as liver, musclemeats, fish, nuts, beans, peas, spinach, wheat germ, and eggs. It isgenerally recognized that it is important to get dietary choline fromthese foods as well.
| Animal and plant food | Choline (mg) | Calories |
|---|---|---|
| 5 ounces (142 g) raw beef liver | 473 | 192 |
| Large hardboiled egg | 113 | 78 |
| Half a pound (227 g) cod fish | 190 | 238 |
| Half a pound of chicken | 150 | 543 |
| Quart of milk, 1% fat | 173 | 410 |
| A gram soy lecithin | 30 approx. | 8 |
| 100 grams of Soybeans dry | 116 | 268 |
| A pound (454 grams) of cauliflower | 177 | 104 |
| A pound of spinach | 113 | 154 |
| A cup of wheat germ | 202 | 432 |
| Two cups (0.47 liters) firm tofu | 142 | 353 |
| Two cups of cooked kidney beans | 108 | 450 |
| A cup of uncooked quinoa | 119 | 626 |
| A cup of uncooked amaranth | 135 | 716 |
| A grapefruit | 19 | 103 |
| 3 cups (710 cc) cooked brown rice | 54 | 649 |
| A cup (146 g) of peanuts | 77 | 828 |
| A cup (143 g) of almonds | 74 | 822 |
PrecautionsThere is some concern that increasingdietary choline intake might increase the risk of cancer of the colonand rectum. One study found that women eating a diet that contains alot of choline have an increased the risk of colon cancer. However,more research is still needed to determine the effects of diet oncolon cancer.
Choline is seems to be safe when takenby mouth and used appropriately. Doses up to 3 grams daily forpregnant and breast-feeding women up to 18 years of age, and 3.5grams daily for women 19 years and older are not likely to causeunwanted side effects. There isn’t enough information availableabout the safety of choline used in higher doses in pregnant orlactating women. It’s best to stick to recommended doses.
PossibleInteractionsHigh doses (10 to 16 grams/day) ofcholine have been associated with a fishy body odor, vomiting,salivation, and increased sweating. The fishy body odor results fromexcessive production and excretion of trimethylamine, a metabolite ofcholine. Taking large doses of choline in the form ofphosphatidylcholine (lecithin) does not generally result in fishybody odor, because its metabolism results in little trimethylamine. A dose of 7.5 grams of choline/day was found to have a slight bloodpressure lowering (hypotensive) effect, which could result indizziness or fainting. Choline magnesium trisalicylate at doses of 3grams/day has resulted in impaired liver function, generalizeditching, and ringing of the ears (tinnitus). However, it is likelythat these effects were a result of the salicylate, rather than thecholine in the preparation.
Little is known regarding the amount ofdietary choline most likely to promote optimum health or preventchronic disease in older adults. At present, there is no evidence tosupport a different intake of choline from that of younger adults(550 mg/day for men and 425 mg/day for women).
Methotrexate, a medication used in thetreatment of cancer, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis, inhibitsthe enzyme dihydrofolate reductase and therefore limits theavailability of methyl groups donated from folate derivatives. Ratsgiven methotrexate have shown evidence of diminished nutritionalstatus of choline, including fatty liver, which can be reversed bycholine supplementation. Thus, individuals taking methotrexate mayhave an increased choline requirement.
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